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Mechanical Engineering
Microstructure Research

Publications

Journal Articles

2020

  1. Adams, D, S Irfan, J Cramer, MP Miles, ER Homer, T Brown, RK Mishra, and DT Fullwood (2020). Digital Image Correlation of Forescatter Detector Images for Simultaneous Strain and Orientation Mapping. Microscopy and Microanalysis 26(4), 641–652. doi: 10.1017/S1431927620001701.
  2. Erickson, HC and ER Homer (2020). Insights into grain boundary energy structure-property relationships by examining computed [100] disorientation axis grain boundaries in Nickel. Scripta Materialia 185, 165–169. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2020.03.062.
  3. Frazer, D, JL Bair, ER Homer, and P Hosemann (2020). Cryogenic Stress-Driven Grain Growth Observed via Microcompression with in situ Electron Backscatter Diffraction. JOM 72(5), 2051–2056. doi: 10.1007/s11837-020-04075-x.
  4. Hansen, LT, DT Fullwood, ER Homer, RH Wagoner, H Lim, JD Carroll, G Zhou, and HJ Bong (2020). An investigation of geometrically necessary dislocations and back stress in large grained tantalum via EBSD and CPFEM. Materials Science And Engineering A-Structural Materials Properties Microstructure And Processing 772, 138704. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2019.138704.
  5. Kurniawan, C, S Baird, DT Fullwood, ER Homer, and OK Johnson (2020). Grain boundary structure–property model inference using polycrystals: the overdetermined case. Journal Of Materials Science 55(4), 1562–1576. doi: 10.1007/s10853-019-04125-z.
  6. Sperry, R, A Harte, J Quinta da Fonseca, ER Homer, RH Wagoner, and DT Fullwood (2020). Slip band characteristics in the presence of grain boundaries in nickel-based superalloy. Acta Materialia 193, 229–238. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2020.04.037.

2019

  1. Adams, DW, DT Fullwood, RH Wagoner, and ER Homer (2019). Atomistic survey of grain boundary-dislocation interactions in FCC nickel. Computational Materials Science 164, 171–185. doi: 10.1016/j.commatsci.2019.04.007.
  2. Bair, JL and ER Homer (2019). Antithermal Mobility in Σ7 and Σ9 Grain Boundaries Caused by Stick-Slip Stagnation of Ordered Atomic Motions about Coincidence Site Lattice Atoms. Acta Materialia 162, 10–18. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2018.09.033.
  3. Homer, ER (2019). High-throughput simulations for insight into grain boundary structure-property relationships and other complex microstructural phenomena. Computational Materials Science 161. Editor’s Choice, 244–254. doi: 10.1016/j.commatsci.2019.01.041.
  4. Homer, ER, DM Hensley, CW Rosenbrock, AH Nguyen, and GLW Hart (2019). Machine-Learning Informed Representations for Grain Boundary Structures. Frontiers in Materials 6, 168. doi: 10.3389/fmats.2019.00168.

2018

  1. Cox, JJ, ER Homer, V Tikare, and M Kurata (2018). Simulated Microstructural and Compositional Evolution of U-Pu-Zr Alloys Using the Potts-Phase Field Modeling Technique. Metallurgical And Materials Transactions A 49(12), 6457– 6468. doi: 10.1007/s11661-018-4922-7.
  2. Cramer, J, D Adams, MP Miles, DT Fullwood, ER Homer, T Brown, R Mishra, and A Sachdev (2018). Effect of strain path on forming limits and retained austenite transformation in Q&P 1180 steel. Materials Science And Engineering A 734, 192–199. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2018.07.062.
  3. Herron, AD, SP Coleman, KQ Dang, DE Spearot, and ER Homer (2018). Simulation of kinematic Kikuchi diffraction patterns from atomistic structures. MethodsX 5, 1187–1203. doi: 10.1016/j.mex.2018.09.001.
  4. Priedeman, JL, CW Rosenbrock, OK Johnson, and ER Homer (2018). Quantifying and connecting atomic and crystallographic grain boundary structure using local environment representation and dimensionality reduction techniques. Acta Materialia 161, 431–443. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2018.09.011.
  5. Rampton, TM, SI Wright, MP Miles, ER Homer, RH Wagoner, and DT Fullwood (2018). Improved twin detection via tracking of individual Kikuchi band intensity of EBSD patterns. Ultramicroscopy 185, 5–14. doi: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2017.11.003.

2017

  1. Bong, HJ, H Lim, MG Lee, DT Fullwood, ER Homer, and RH Wagoner (2017). An RVE procedure for micromechan- ical prediction of mechanical behavior of dual-phase steel. Materials Science & Engineering A 695, 101–111. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2017.04.032.
  2. Hansen, LT, BE Jackson, DT Fullwood, SI Wright, M De Graef, ER Homer, and RH Wagoner (2017). Influence of Noise- Generating Factors on Cross-Correlation Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) Measurement of Geometrically Nec- essary Dislocations (GNDs). Microscopy and Microanalysis 17, 1–12. doi: 10.1017/S1431927617000204.
  3. Priedeman, JL, DL Olmsted, and ER Homer (2017). The role of crystallography and the mechanisms associated with migration of incoherent twin grain boundaries. Acta Materialia 131, 553–563. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2017.04.016.
  4. Rosenbrock, CW, ER Homer, G Csányi, and GLW Hart (2017). Discovering the building blocks of atomic systems using machine learning: application to grain boundaries. npj Computational Materials 3(1), 747. doi: 10.1038/s41524-017-0027-x.
  5. Zhang, YB, JD Budai, JZ Tischler, W Liu, R Xu, ER Homer, A Godfrey, and D Juul Jensen (2017). Boundary migration in a 3D deformed microstructure inside an opaque sample. Scientific Reports 7, 4423. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04087-9.

2016

  1. Wyman RD, Fullwood DT, Wagoner RH, Homer ER. Variability of Non-Schmid Effects in Grain Boundary Dislocation Nucleation Criteria, Acta Materialia, vol 124, p. 588, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2016.11.005
  2. Jackson BE, Christensen JJ, Signh S, De Graef M, Fullwood DT, Homer ER, Wagoner RH. Performance of Dynamically Simulated Reference Patterns for Cross Correlation EBSD, Microscopy and Microanalysis, vol 22, p. 789, 2016. doi:10.1017/S143192761601148X
  3. Harris MB, Watts LS, Homer ER. Competition between shear band nucleation and propagation across rate-dependent flow transitions in a model metallic glass, Acta Materialia, vol 111, p. 273, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2016.03.066
  4. Ruggles TJ, Fullwood DT, Kysar J, Resolving geometrically necessary dislocation density onto individual dislocation types using EBSD-based continuum dislocation microscopy, International Journal of Plasticity, 76 (2016), 231-243. doi:10.1016/j.ijplas.2015.08.005
  5. Ruggles TJ, Rampton TM, Khosravani A, Fullwood DT, The effect of length scale on the determination of geometrically necessary dislocations via EBSD continuum dislocation microscopy, Ultramicroscopy. 164 (2016) 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.03.003.

2015

  1. Bird MW, Rampton T, Fullwood D, Becher PF, White KW, Local Dislocation Creep Accommodation of a Zirconium Diboride Silicon Carbide Composite, Acta Materialia, 84 (2015), 359-367. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2014.10.037
  2. Bilodeau RA,Fullwood DT, Colton J, Yeager JD, Bowden AE, Park T, Evolution of Nanojunctions in Piezoresistive Nanostrand Composites, Composites Part B, published online. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.11.028
  3. Homer ER, Patala S, Priedeman J. Grain Boundary Plane Orientation Fundamental Zones and Structure-Property Relationships, Scientific Reports, vol. 5, p. 15476, 2015. doi:10.1038/srep15476
  4. Hardin TJ, Ruggles TJ, Koch DP, Niezgoda SR, Fullwood DT, Homer ER. Analysis of Traction-Free Assumption in High-Resolution EBSD Measurements, Journal of Microscopy, vol. 260, p. 73, 2015. doi:10.1111/jmi.12268
  5. Hardin TJ, Homer ER. Microstructural Factors of Strain Delocalization in Model Metallic Glass Matrix Composites, Acta Materialia, vol. 83, p. 203, 2015. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2014.09.043
  6. Khosravani A, Fullwood D, Scott J, Miles M, Mishra R, Nucleation and propagation of  twins in AZ31 magnesium alloy, Acta Materialia, 100 (2015), 202-214. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2015.08.024
  7. Fullwood D, Vaudin M, Daniels C, Ruggles TJ, Wright SI, Validation of Kinematically Simulated Pattern HR-EBSD for Measuring Absolute Strains and Lattice Tetragonality, Materials Characterization, 107 (2015), 270-277. doi:10.1016/j.matchar.2015.07.017
  8. Hardin TJ, Ruggles TJ, Koch DP, Niezgoda SR, Fullwood DT, Homer ER, Analysis of Traction-Free Assumption in High-Resolution EBSD Measurements, Journal of Microscopy, 260 (2015), Issue 1, 73-85. doi:10.1111/jmi.12268
  9. Koecher MC, Pande JH, Merkley S, Henderson S, Fullwood DT, Bowden A, Remote in situ strain sensing of carbon fiber structures using embedded conductive materials, Composites B, published online. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.09.029
  10. Takahashi R, Fullwood DT, Rampton TM, Skousen DJ, Adams BL, Mattson CA, Hybrid Bishop-Hill Model Combined Finite Element Analysis For Elastic-Yield Limited Design Using OFE Polycrystalline Copper, Engineering Computations, 32 (2015), Issue 6, 1814-1836. doi:10.1108/EC-06-2014-0130

2014

  1. Hansen N, Adams DO, Fullwood DT, Evaluation and Development of Percolation Models for Electrical Conductivity in Nickel Nanostrand Polymer Composites, Journal Polymer Engineering and Science, published online 2014. doi:10.1002/pen.23914
  2. Tolman SS, Delimont IA, Howell LL, Fullwood DT, Material Selection for Elastic Energy Absorption in Origami-Inspired Compliant Corrugations, Smart Mater. and Struct., 23 (2014), 094010. doi:10.1088/0964-1726/23/9/094010
  3. Takahashi R, Fullwood D, Adams B, Four-Parameter Hybrid-Bishop-Hill Model Applied to OFE Copper for the Evaluation of Elastic/Yield Limit, Met Trans A, 45 (10) (2014), 4710-4722. doi:10.1007/s11661-014-2368-0
  4. Gerrard DD, Fullwood DT, Halverson DM, Correlating structure topological metrics with bulk composite properties via neural network analysis, Comp Mat Sci, 91 (2014), 20-27. doi:10.1016/j.commatsci.2014.04.014
  5. Sorensen C, Basinger JA, Fullwood DT, Nowell MM, Full Grain Boundary Character Recovery from 2D EBSD Data, Met Trans A , 45 (9) (2014), 4165-4172. doi:10.1007/s11661-014-2345-7
  6. Homer ER, Harris MB, Zirbel SA, Kolodziejska JA, Kozachkov H, Trease BP, Borgonia JPC, Agnes GS, Howell LL, Hofmann DC. New Methods for Developing and Manufacturing Compliant Mechanisms Utilizing Bulk Metallic Glass, Advanced Engineering Materials, vol. 16, p. 850, 2014. doi:10.1002/adem.201300566
  7. Homer ER, Holm EA, Foiles SM, Olmsted DL. Trends in Grain Boundary Mobility: Frequency of new and existing mechanisms, JOM, vol. 66, p. 114, 2014. doi:10.1007/s11837-013-0801-2
  8. Homer ER. Examining the initial stages of shear localization in amorphous metals, Acta Materialia, vol. 63, p. 44, 2014. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2013.09.050

2013

  1. Khosravani A, Scott J, Fullwood DT, Miles M, Mishra RK, Twinning in magnesium alloy AZ31B under different strain paths at moderately elevated temperatures. International Journal of Plasticity vol. 45, p. 160, 2013. doi:10.1016/j.ijplas.2013.01.009
  2. Ruggles TJ, Fullwood DT. Estimations of Bulk Geometrically Necessary Dislocation Density Using High Resolution EBSD. Ultramicroscopy, vol. 133, p. 8, 2013. doi:10.1016/j.ultramic.2013.04.011
  3. Hardin TJ, Adams BL, Fullwood DT, Wagoner RH, Homer ER. Estimation of the full Nye’s tensor and its gradients by micro-mechanical stereo-inference using EBSD dislocation microscopy, International Journal of Plasticity, vol. 50, p. 146, 2013. doi:10.1016/j.ijplas.2013.04.006
  4. Li L, Homer ER, Schuh CA. Shear transformation zone dynamics model for metallic glasses incorporating free volume as a state variable, Acta Materialia, vol. 61, p. 3347, 2013.  doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2013.02.024
  5. Homer ER, Foiles SM, Holm EA, Olmsted DL. Phenomenology of shear coupled grain boundary motion in symmetric tilt and general grain boundaries, Acta Materialia, vol. 61, p. 1048, 2013. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2012.10.005
  6. Homer ER, Tikare V, Holm EA. Hybrid Potts-phase field model for coupled microstructural-compositional evolution, Computational Materials Science, vol. 69, p. 414, 2013. doi:10.1016/j.commatsci.2012.11.056
  7. Ruggles TJ, Rampton TM, Rose SA, Fullwood DT. Reducing the microstructure design space of 2nd order homogenization techniques using discrete Fourier Transforms, Mechanics of Materials, vol. 59, p. 14, 2013. doi:10.1016/j.mechmat.2012.11.007
  8. Scott J, Miles MP, Fullwood DT, Adams BL, Khosravani A, Mishra RK. Room Temperature Shear Band Development in Highly Twinned Wrought Magnesium AZ31B Sheet, Metallurgical Transactions A, vol. 44a, p. 512, 2013. doi:10.1007/s11661-012-1405-0

2012

  1. Hansen N, Adams DO, Fullwood DT. Quantitative methods for correlating dispersion and electrical conductivity in conductor-polymer nanostrand composites, Composites Part A-Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 43, p. 1939, 2012. doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2012.05.008
  2. Johnson TM, Fullwood DT, Hansen G. Strain monitoring of carbon fiber composite via embedded nickel nano-particles, Composites Part B-Engineering, vol. 43, p. 1155, 2012. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.09.014
  3. Anderson TV, Mattson CA, Larson BJ, Fullwood DT. Efficient Propagation of Error Through System Models for Functions Common in Engineering, Journal of Mechanical Design, vol. 134, p. , 2012. doi:10.1115/1.4005444

2011

  1. Johnson OK, Gardner CJ, Seegmiller DB, Mara NA, Dattelbaum AM, Rae PJ, Kaschner GC, Mason TA, Fullwood DT, Hansen G. Multiscale Model for the Extreme Piezoresistivity in Silicone/Nickel Nanostrand Nanocomposites, Metallurgical And Materials Transactions A, vol. 42A, p. 3898, 2011. doi:10.1007/s11661-011-0814-9
  2. Wilding SE, Fullwood DT. Clustering metrics for two-phase composites, Computational Materials Science, vol. 50, p. 2262, 2011. doi:10.1016/j.commatsci.2011.03.003
  3. Johnson OK, Kaschner GC, Mason TA, Fullwood DT, Hansen G. Optimization of nickel nanocomposite for large strain sensing applications, Sensors And Actuators A-Physical, vol. 166, p. 40, 2011. doi:10.1016/j.sna.2010.12.022

2010

  1. Packard CE, Franke O, Homer ER, Schuh CA. Invited Feature Paper: The nanoscale strength distribution in amorphous vs. crystalline metals, Journal of Materials Research, vol. 25, p. 2251, 2010. doi:10.1557/JMR.2010.0299
  2. Homer ER, Schuh CA. Three-dimensional shear transformation zone dynamics model for amorphous metals, Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 18, p. 065009, 2010. doi:10.1088/0965-0393/18/6/065009
  3. Packard CE, Homer ER, Al-Aqeeli N, Schuh CA. Cyclic hardening of metallic glasses under Hertzian contacts: experiments and STZ dynamics simulations, Philosophical Magazine, vol. 90, p. 1373, 2010. doi:10.1080/14786430903352664
  4. Homer ER, Rodney D, Schuh CA. Kinetic Monte Carlo study of activated states and correlated shear-transformation-zone activity during the deformation of an amorphous metal, Physical Review B, vol. 81, p. 064204, 2010. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.81.064204
  5. Niezgoda SR, Turner DM, Fullwood DT, Kalidindi SR. Optimized structure based representative volume element sets reflecting the ensemble-averaged 2-point statistics, Acta Materialia, vol. 58, p. 4432, 2010. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2010.04.041
  6. Gardner CJ, Adams BL, Basinger J, Fullwood DT. EBSD-based continuum dislocation microscopy, International Journal of Plasticity, vol. 26, p. 1234, 2010. doi:10.1016/j.ijplas.2010.05.008
  7. Fullwood DT, Niezgoda SR, Adams BL, Kalidindi SR. Microstructure sensitive design for performance optimization, Progress in Materials Science, vol. 55, p. 477, 2010. doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2009.08.002
  8. Kacher J, Basinger J, Adams BL, Fullwood DT. Reply to comment by Maurice et al. in response to "Bragg's Law Diffraction Simulations for Electron Backscatter Diffraction Analysis", Ultramicroscopy, vol. 110, p. 760, 2010. doi:10.1016/j.ultramic.2010.02.004
  9. Johnson OK, Gardner CJ, Fullwood DT, Adams BL, Hansen N, Hansen G. The Colossal Piezoresistive Effect in Nickel Nanostrand Polymer Composites and a Quantum Tunneling Model, CMC: Computers, Materials & Continua, vol. 15, p. 87, 2010. doi:10.3970/cmc.2010.015.087
  10. Gerrard DD, Fullwood DT, Halverson DM, Niezgoda SR. Computational Homology, Connectedness, and Structure-Property Relations, CMC: Computers, Materials & Continua, vol. 15, p. 129, 2010. doi:10.3970/cmc.2010.015.129

2009

  1. Homer ER, Schuh CA. Meso-scale modeling of amorphous metals by shear transformation zone dynamics, Acta Materialia, vol. 57, p. 2823, 2009. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2009.02.035
  2. Ahmadi S, Adams BL, Fullwood DT. An Eulerian-Based Formulation for Studying the Evolution of the Microstructure under Plastic Deformations, CMC: Computers, Materials & Continua, vol. 14, p. 141, 2009. doi:10.3970/cmc.2009.014.141
  3. Fullwood DT, Kalidindi SR, Adams BL, Ahmadi S. A Discrete Fourier Transform Framework for Localization Relations, CMC: Computers, Materials & Continua, vol. 9, p. 25, 2009. doi:10.3970/cmc.2009.009.025

2008

  1. Fullwood DT, Kalidindi SR, Niezgoda SR, Fast A, Hampson N. Gradient-based microstructure reconstructions from distributions using fast Fourier transforms, Materials Science And Engineering A, vol. 494, p. 68, 2008. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2007.10.087
  2. Niezgoda SR, Fullwood DT, Kalidindi SR. Delineation of the space of 2-point correlations in a composite material system, Acta Materialia, vol. 56, p. 5285, 2008. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2008.07.005
  3. Kalidindi SR, Landi G, Fullwood DT. Spectral representation of higher-order localization relationships for elastic behavior of polycrystalline cubic materials, Acta Materialia, vol. 56, p. 3843, 2008. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2008.01.058
  4. Fullwood DT, Adams BL, Kalidindi SR. A strong contrast homogenization formulation for multi-phase anisotropic materials, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol. 56, p. 2287, 2008. doi:10.1016/j.jmps.2008.01.003
  5. Fullwood DT, Niezgoda SR, Kalidindi SR. Microstructure reconstructions from 2-point statistics using phase-recovery algorithms, Acta Materialia, vol. 56, p. 942, 2008. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2007.10.044
  6. Kalidindi SR, Fullwood DT. Spectral methods for microstructure design, JOM, vol. 59, p. 26, 2007. doi:10.1007/s11837-007-0112-6

2007

  1. Lemmon TS, Homer ER, Fromm BS, Fullwood DT, Jensen BD, Adams BL. Heterogeneous microstructure sensitive design for performance optimization of MEMS switch, JOM, vol. 59, p. 43, 2007. doi:10.1007/s11837-007-0115-3
  2. Homer ER, Adams BL, Wagoner RH. Recovering grain-boundary inclination parameters through oblique double sectioning, Metallurgical & Materials Transactions, vol. 38A, p. 1575, 2007. doi:10.1007/s11661-007-9218-2
  3. Fullwood DT, Adams BL, Kalidindi SR. Generalized Pareto front methods applied to second-order material property closures, Computational Materials Science, vol. 38, p. 788, 2007. doi:10.1016/j.commatsci.2006.05.016

2006

  1. Homer ER, Adams BL, Fullwood DT. Recovery of the grain boundary character distribution through oblique double-sectioning, Scripta Materialia, vol. 54, p. 1017, 2006. doi:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2005.11.043
  2. Fullwood DT, Basinger JA, Adams BL. Lattice-based structures for studying percolation in two-dimensional grain networks, Acta Materialia, vol. 54, p. 1381, 2006. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2005.11.012

2005

  1. Basinger JA, Homer ER, Fullwood DT, Adams BL. Two dimensional grain boundary percolation in alloy 304 stainless steel, Scripta Materialia, vol. 53, p. 959, 2005. doi:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2005.06.026

Books and Book Chapters

  1. Adams BL, Kalidindi SR, Fullwood DT. Microstructure Sensitive Design for Performance Optimization, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2012.
  2. David Fullwood, Brent Adams, Jay Basinger, Timothy Ruggles, Ali Khosravani, Caroline Sorensen, Joshua Kacher, Microstructure Detail Extraction via EBSD: An Overview, Chapter in: Strains and dislocation gradients from diffraction, Imperial College Press, 2014.
  3. Fullwood D.T., Kalidindi S.R., Adams B.L., Second-Order Microstructure Sensitive Design using 2-point Spatial Correlations, Chapter in Electron Backscatter Diffraction in Materials Science, Springer, 2009.
  4. Kalidindi S.R., Fullwood D.T., Adams B.L., First-Order Microstructure Sensitive Design Based on Volume Fractions and Elementary Bounds, Chapter in Electron Backscatter Diffraction in Materials Science, Springer, 2009.
  5. Adams B.L., Kalidindi S.R., Fullwood D.T., Microstructure Sensitive Design for Performance Optimization, Graduate text, BYU Academic Publishing, 2005.

Conference Proceedings

  1. Fernelius JD, Homer ER, Nelson TW. The influence of deformation twinning on copper 220 caused by cryogenic processing. In Contributed Papers from Materials Science & Technology 2016, p. 1241. Paper presented at MS&T16, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Warrendale, PA: Materials Science & Technology, 2016.
  2. Homer ER. Investigating the mechanisms of grain boundary migration during recrystallization using molecular dynamics. Presented at the 36th Risø International Symposium on Materials Science, Roskilde: IOP Publishing, vol. 89, p. 012006, 2015. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/89/1/012006
  3. Cox JJ, Homer ER, Tikare V. Coupled microstructural-compositional evolution informed by a thermodynamic database using the hybrid Potts-phase field model. Fall 2012 MRS Proceedings. doi:10.1557/opl.2013.165
  4. Homer ER, Basinger JA, Adams BL. Variance of the grain boundary character distribution, Materials Science Forum 495-497: 871-876 Part 1&2 2005.
  5. Adams BL, Homer ER, Basinger JA. Consideration of microstructure variability in the grain boundary character distribution, in Dislocations, Plasticity and Metal Forming, ed. Khan AS, Neat Press, Maryland, p. 466-468, 2003.